Welcome to Pergamon Library
The invention of Parchment after the World’s first trade embargo and Pergamon Library
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On June 323 BC, Alexander The Great died in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II in Babylon after his military campaign to India. His vast empire was divided among his generals into four stable power countries: the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, the Seleucid Empire in the east, the Kingdom of Pergamon in Asia Minor (present Türkiye), and Macedon. Sometimes, after 200 BC, Ptolemies King Ptolemy V Epiphanes banned the export of papyrus from Egypt in order to foil the ruler of Pargamum, Euemens II, a rival book collector and was hoping to create a library even greater than the one in Alexandria. Forced to find a substitute for the cut-off supply of papyrus, the Pergamon ruler ınvented using animal skins as a substitute for papyrus. The resultant product took its name from his city, with the Latin name for parchment, pergamenum, carrying the echo of its supposed origins1. The library is said to have held 200,000 books written on parchment. At its height, there were 900,000 books in the library. |
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(1) This story about the papyrus embargo was first told by Julius Ceasar’s librarian Marcus Varro. Ross King, Bookseller of Florence: The Story of the Manuscripts That Illuminated the Renaissance, (2021) |
Ancient city Pergamon is located in today’s Bergama, Türkiye. The main part of Pargamon ‘s monumental construction, the Pergamon Altar is now in Berlin’s Pergamonmuseum.
Pergamon Altar has been torn from its place in history and was located in Pargamonmuseum, Berlin in 19th century.
Pergamon Library in Pargamon
How to Use The Pergamon Library Simulaton Apps
How to Download Simulaton JAR file From Library?
First of all, craate a folder (such as C:\JarFiles) to store JAR files
In order to download simulation programs, Please select Java Apps from Physics or Chemistry Web pages
Click the blue DOWNLOAD button.
Save the JAR file a directory i.e. C:\JarFiles.
How to Run Simulaton JAR files?
Simplest method:
1. First of all, install Java from Oracle Web site.
2. Open the folder where you stored JAR files you already download
3. Usin right button of the mouse, select the JAR File
4. Choose Java(TM) Platform SE Binary option
Second method:
1. First of all, Downloas Launcher4 program from
Launch4J
4. Run Launcher4J program.
5. Select the JAR file you will run
6. Execute the JAR file
About Open Source Physics Simulations
OSP libraries are Java code libraries for numerical simulations.
The OSP code library was created to meet the need by the broader science education community
for computational physics and physics education
that will be useful for scientists and students.
OSP code library is described in the OSP User's Guide
by Wolfgang Christian in An Introduction to Computer
Simulation Methods by Harvey Gould, Jan Tobochnik, and Wolfgang Christian.
Ref: OSP Web Site Materials